Literature Color Symbolism - 2257 Words

The Color of Literature Color symbolism can be used to set the tone of a story and aspects within that story. Colors can invoke an emotional response as well as paint a picture of a character or scene within the story. In exploring the story of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (Damrosch, Pike 1200-59) along with Christopher Columbus’ letter The Green and Beautiful Land (Columbus 1-7) there are three main colors that stand out. The first color, as shown in both titles, is green. Green plays a significant role in both tales as it is the main color of the antagonist in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and the supple landscape that is described by Columbus. Green also represents negative aspects in the stories such as misfortune and lack of†¦show more content†¦Columbus also describes the islands to have â€Å"marvelous pine groves, and extensive meadow country†(2) which again symbolizes the nature and fertility of the islands. At the end of Columbus’ letter, he tells the king a nd queen that he can send gum mastic, aloe wood, and rhubarb, all of which are green and represent the fertility of the new lands (5). Columbus describes the native islanders as â€Å"wondrous[ly] timid† and delighted to receive items of little or no value from the crewmen (2). It is in this description that the reader imagines the inexperience of the islanders, a negative often associated with the color green. The next representation of color is of gold, or yellow. Yellow represents idealism, vitality, and gold, or wealth as well as cowardice, greed, and deceit ((Rohrer; Smith). The Green Knight’s attire was adorned with color, â€Å"bright gold on silk broideries banded most richly† (1207). The saddle blanket of both the Green Knight’s horse and Sir Gawain’s horse was embellished with gold trim. These detailings of gold represent vitality and wealth. The wealth of Bertilak’s castle is also seen in the description of the lavish surroundings, from the curtains with â€Å"clear-golden hems† to the tapestries hung â€Å"on ropes with red-gold rings† (1223). The account of lavish surroundings may also give the impression of greed as well as wealth. The color yellow symbolizes idealism andShow MoreRelated Comparing Symbols and Symbolism in Blue Hotel, Black Cat, Night, Alfred Prufrock, Red Wheelbarrow1620 Words   |  7 PagesColor Symbolism in Blue Hotel,  Black Cat, Night,  Alfred Prufrock,  Red Wheelbarrow      Ã‚  Ã‚   Symbolism of colors is evident in much of literature. The Blue Hotel by Stephen Crane, The Black Cat of Edgar Allan Poe, Night by William Blake, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock by T. S. Eliot, and The Red Wheelbarrow by William Carlos Williams encompass examples of color symbolism from both the prose and the poetry of literature. 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Critical Analysis of Mass Spectrometry Free Essays

string(140) " similar methods of ionization and due to this many of the modern day mass spectrometers can switch between these two methods effortlessly\." Introduction 1. Background: The analytical technique that I have chosen to give an in-depth analysis of is Mass Spectrometry (MS) This analytical technique is basically the study of ionised molecules in the gaseous phase; its main use is in the determination of the molecular weight of the molecule in the sample under investigation by accelerating ions in a vacuum environment. While this analytical technique has been around for over one hundred years there are significant advances being made to this technique in order to cater for more adverse samples which will be discussed in more detail later on. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Analysis of Mass Spectrometry or any similar topic only for you Order Now The main difference between mass spectrometry and other spectroscopy methods such as NMR is that it not dependant on transitions between energy states which may be responsible for its popularity. The diagram shown below (Figure 1.1.) [1] shows a simple diagram of a common mass spectrometer using electron ionization: Figure 1.1 represents a schematic diagram of an electron ionization-mass spectrometer showing the various processes involved. Courtesy of www.molecularstation.com. In its simplest form the process of determining the molecular weight of the sample typically occur over four main stages which are: Sample volatilisation, Ionisation, Separation and detection. Sample volatilisation: The sample to be analysed if gaseous or volatile can be readily inserted into the mass spectrometer with the more solid samples requiring heating before insertation in order to construct a more volatile or gaseous sample. As can be seen form the above figure the sample is then moved further down the spectrometer towards the area where ionization of the molecules occurs. Ionization: The sample is then hit with a barrage of high energy electrons from an electron gun with a charge of around 70 electron volts (eV). When the molecules collide with the high energy electron beam energy is transferred from the beam to the molecules which cause an acceleration of the molecules. These molecules may then dump an electron forming cation known as the molecular ion (M+†¢) [2]. This interchange is represented in the equation below (Figure 1.2.): M+ e–M+†¢ + 2e– Moleccular Ion This electron barrage usually results in most of the molecular ions fragmenting causing some of the fragments to not gain any charge and remain neutral and have no further part to play. The main purpose of ionisation is to donate a charge to the sample in order for the molecules to break up and become charged. The ionization method discussed here is electron ionisation however there are many other more methods of ionization which will be discussed in detail later on in my analysis. Separation: This beam of newly charged molecular ions then proceed through a mass analyzer which in this case is a very strong controllable magnetic field which separates the charged molecules according to their mass to charge ratio (m/z) causing some of the molecules which are â€Å"too heavy† or â€Å"too light† to be thrown towards the top or bottom of the spectrometer and hence avoid detection. By varying the magnetic field, ions with different m/z values can be detected. Just like there are many different ionization methods for different applications there are also several types of mass analyzers which will also be discussed later. A fundamental consideration in mass spectrometry at this point is mass resolution, defined as R = M/?M. where R is the resolution, M is the mass of particle and ?M is the mass difference compared to adjacent peak with overlap at 10% of peak height. Nowadays a magnetic sector analyzer can have R values of 2000-7000 depending on the instrument [3]. Detection: the final stage in the process is comprised of a detector which then amplifies and records the mass of the ions according to their m/z values. The detector may be set up for detection of molecular ions possessing different mass to charge ratios. The Molecular ions each have a mass that is almost identical to the mass of the molecule (M) and due to the fact that the charges on most of the molecules are usually 1, the value of m/z obtained for each of the ions is simply its mass. The data collected by the detector is fed to a recorder and is presented in the form of a plot of the numbers of ions versus their m/z values [3]. An example of this type of plot is shown below in figure 1.3. [4]: Figure 1.3: A typical graph produced for a sample using mass spectrometry. Picture courtesy of www.research.uky.edu. 2. Methods of Ionization: Electron Ionization (EI): as described above is the simplest method for converting the sample to ions and this method is found on the most common mass spectrometers. Many other simple and complex ionization methods exist for analyzing various samples. Some of these methods include: Chemical Ionization (CI): This is a softer ionization method than EI, causing less fragmentation of the sample under investigation and hence it is mainly used for more sensitive compounds such as 2, 2-dimethylpropane for example which is prone to fragment with little stress. This decrease in fragmentation is due to the ions arising from a chemical reaction rather than bombardment and hence possesses less energy than those produced from EI. In Chemical ionization the molecules to be studied are mixed with an ionized carrier gas which is present in excess. Common carrier gases for CI include ammonia, methane, isobutene and methanol. The selection of the carrier gas depends on the degree of ion fragmentation required. Different carrier gases produce different mass spectra plots. The main advantage of CI is its softer approach lending to clearer results over EI for some samples. Other advantages include the relatively cheap and strong hardware as with EI. The main drawback of using chemi cal ionization in mass spectrometry is the fact that like electron ionization the sample must be readily vaporised in order for the molecules to gain that vital charge. This immediately dismisses the use of high molecular weight compounds and biomolecules [3]. It’s obvious therefore that CI and EI are very similar methods of ionization and due to this many of the modern day mass spectrometers can switch between these two methods effortlessly. You read "Critical Analysis of Mass Spectrometry" in category "Essay examples" Electrospray Ionization (ESI): is a type of atmospheric pressure ionization. This technique is very useful for studying the high biomolecular weight molecules and other samples which may not be very volatile as discussed above. The sample to be investigated is sprayed through a fine capillary which has a charge on its surface, the sample then enters the ionization chamber resulting in the production of multiple charged ions along with single charged ions. This formation of multiple charged ions is very useful in the mass spectrometry analysis of proteins [3]. It is important to note that negative ions may also be formed in ESI and the operation may need to be reversed. ESI has become much more common over the last few years as it relies on a sample in solution which permits its use in LC-MS [5]. Thermospray Ionization (TSI) is closely related to ESI differing only in the fact that it relies on a heated capillary rather than a charged capillary; however ESI remains the more popular of the two methods. Atmospheric-pressure chemical Ionization (APCI): It is obvious form the title that APCI is also a form of atmospheric pressure ionization resulting in a similar interface being used for both methods. This method was born in the 1970’s when it was first combined with liquid chromatography (LC) by Horning et al [6] who conveyed a new atmospheric ion source which used 63Ni beta emission in order to produce the required ions. Even tough APCI and ESI are harmonizing methods the main advantage APCI has over ESI is that it is more effective at determining the mass spectra for less polar compounds due to the reality that the gas phase ionization is more effective in APCI. Many MS instruments are now readily available with high mass resolution and accurate mass measurement, properties which are not as readily available with GC-MS instruments. Fast Atom Bombardment (FAB): this type of ionization method is primarily used for large polar molecules. The sample to be studied is usually dissolved in a liquid matrix which is non-volatile and polar such as glycerol. This sample is then bombarded with a fast atom beam such as Xe– atoms which picks up electrons thus causing ionization from this reaction. This is a simple and fast method to use and is very good for high-resolution measurements. On the downside however it may be hard to compare low molecular weight compounds from the chemical back ground which is always high [5]. Desorption Chemical Ionization (DCI), Negative-ion chemical ionization (NCI), Field Ionization (FI) and Ion Evaporation are other less common ionization methods used in mass spectrometry. 3. Mass Analysers: As described earlier the mass analyzers are used to separate the various ions according to their mass to charge ratio (m/z) and hence focus the ions with the desirable m/z value towards the detector. Some of the mass analyzers available include; Double-Focusing Mass Analyzers, Quadrupole Mass Analyzers, Time-of-Flight Mass Analyzers and Ion Trap Mass Analyzers. Double-Focusing Mass Analyzers are used when a high resolution is of paramount importance. This high resolution is achieved by modifying the basic magnetic design. The beam of ions passes through an electrostatic analyser before or after the magnetic field causing the particles to travel at the same velocity resulting in the resolution of the mass analyzer increasing dramatically. Resolution may be varied by using narrower slits before the detector. It is important to note that this type of analyzer reduces sensitivity but increases accuracy resulting in a fine line between success and failure with regards to detection, for this reason this type of mass analyzer is only used for very selective purposes. Quadrupole Mass Analyzers do not make use of magnetic forces for mass detection; instead they are composed of four solid rods arranged parallel to the direction of the ion beam. Using a combination of direct-current and radiofrequency the quadrupole separates the various ions according to their mass extremely quickly. Quadrupole mass analyzers are most on most GC-MS instruments. Time-of-Flight Mass Analyzers (TOF) operate by measuring the time taken for an ion which has been produced to travel for the ion source to the detector [7]. This is based on the simple assumption that the lighter ions will have a greater velocity and thus will strike the detector first. This type of analyzer has become more and more common in recent years due to the fact that the electronics used in this analyzer have become much more affordable since it was first introduced in the 1940’s. In recent years the resolution and sensitivity of TOF have been increased by the insertation of a reflective plate within the flight tube itself [8]. The main area that this type of analyzer is used is in Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-MS) discussed later. The Ion Trap Mass Analyzer is composed of two hyperbolic end cap electrodes and a doughnut shaped ring electrode [7]. It is very similar to the quadrupole analyzer in resolution terms and basics however the ion trap is more sensitive. 4. The Mass Spectra: The main interest that anybody has from the mass spectra is the molecular weight of the sample that was processed. The value of m/z at which the molecular ion (M+†¢) appears on the mass spectrum tell us the molecular weight of the original molecule. The most saturated ion formed from the ionization provides us with the tallest peak in the spectra know as the base peak (Figure 1.2). From this information the determination of very exact molecular weights of substances may be deduced which is probably the most important application of mass spectrometers. This determination also allows use to distinguish between different substances with a very similar molecular mass which we are unable to do ourselves. For example; the molecule C14H14 has a molecular mass of 182.1096 and the molecule C12H10N2 has a molecular mass of 182.0844. These two molecules may only be differentiated by MS as there is only 0.0252 in the difference even tough they are two completely different molecules. The typ e of MS instrument used in this case is a Double Focusing Mass Spectrometer as discussed briefly above which is capable of providing measurements accurate to 0.0001 atomic mass units. The chance of two compounds having the exact same mass spectra is very unlikely and therefore it is possible to identify an unknown compound by comparing its mass spectra obtained with that of a known library of mass spectra for various compounds. 5. Mass Spectrometry in Synergy with other Techniques: Through the years mass spectrometers have evolved to be used not just on their own but used in tandem with a range of other analytic techniques such as Liquid Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) in purity assessment and investigating rat urine, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) for the detection and measurement of illicit drugs in biological fluids. It is LC-MS that has become the gold standard for detection and analyzation of substances. Gas chromatography works particularly well with mass spectrometry too, due to the face that the sample is already in its gaseous form at the interface. This system has been used by De Martinis and Barnes [9] in the detection of drugs in sweat using a quadrupole mass spectrometer which has been discussed earlier. The ability to identify metabolites in the biological fluids mentioned above can be very difficult and this is due to the fact that these metabolites are present in extremely low concentrations such as parts per mill ion (ppm) or even less in some situations. For many years Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) was used to identify these metabolites but in recent times it would appear that mass spectrometry has become the more popular method for detection of the metabolite. This may be due to the fact that MS is more sensitive than NMR resulting in less sample amount being required. 6. Advances in Mass Spectrometry Instruments and their Limitations: As mentioned briefly above it is very difficult to study large biomolecules such as proteins due to the fact that they are large polar molecules which are not volatile and as a result are difficult to convert to a gaseous state in order to undergo ionization. In recent years a solution to this problem has been accomplished with the introduction of Matrix- Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI). MALDI is a laser based soft ionization method which relies on the sample being dissolved in a solution containing an excess of matrix such as sinapinic acid which has a chromophore that absorbs at the laser wavelength, the sample is placed in the path of high intensity protons causing a collision of the atoms with the sample resulting in ionization of the sample molecules causing them to be ejected from the matrix. One of the main advantages of MALDI-MS is that only a very tiny amount of sample is required (1 X 10-5 moles) [3]. This technique has proven to be one of the most successful ionization methods for mass spectrometry analysis of large molecules due to its soft ionization ability. This technique has been used in the drug-biomolecule complexes in order to investigate the interaction properties and sites of biomolecules with various drugs on the market today [10]. This method was also used by Zschorning et al. to investigate the extracts of human lipoproteins after treatment wi th cholesterol esterase’s [11]. This method although very popular suffers some drawbacks. There is a strong dependence on the sample preparation method and any mistake made during sample preparation or any contamination introduced into the matrix during the sample preparation renders the rest of the investigation pointless. Another draw back of this method is the short sample life although some research has been undertaken [12] with the use of liquid matrices in the belief that this may increase the sample life by making use of the self-healing properties of the sample through molecular diffusion. One obvious drawback that may occur is the fact that the sample may not be soluble and hence may not dissolve in the matrix. This problem may be overcome with the use of compression of a finely ground sample and analyte [13]. Another disadvantage which may become of detrimental in the future is the fact that MALDI is not easily compatible with LC-MS, this problem may have to be rectified id the popularity of MALDI is to c ontinue. Electrospray Ionization (ESI) has been described in detail under the methods of ionization section above and it can be seen that this young technique is proving to be very useful with LC-MS to investigate the a variety of molecules including proteins, DNA and synthetic polymers. The main problem with ESI-MS is that the mass spectra produced may contain many peaks of multiply charged ions which may cause confusion in the interpretation of spectra of some samples. The ESI instrument itself can also present with decreased sensitivity due to the presence of impurities such as salts and buffers, this is not the case with MALDI. Although both MALDI and ESI are both very effective methods of developing mass spectra for large molecules such as proteins, MALDI still remains the method of choice for most analyses. However, as discussed above the fact that MALDI is not very compatible with LC-MS may pave the way for a surge in popularity of the LC-MS friendly ESI. 7. The Future of Mass Spectrometry: Mass spectrometry has come along way since 1897 when Joseph J. Thompson used an early mass spectrometer to discover the electron and there is no reason why the mass spectrometer will continue to advance and evolve into the foreseeable future. The mass spectrometer is an extremely versatile analytical tool which can work in tandem and alongside other analytical methods such as chromatography seamlessly. The main areas in which mass spectrometers have been used for quantification of compounds are LC-MS and GC-MS using the various ionization methods respectively. LC-MS is the gold standard in quantitative bioanalyses and is used by the majority pharmaceutical companies. The other minority tend to use other techniques such as High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and UV as they deem LC-MS to be too expensive. An area of mass spectrometry to watch out for in the future is the use of ion-trap technology to perform LC-MS-MS to LC-MS [7]. This method already exists but reliable routine bioanalytical assays have not been produced as of yet. References: [1]http://www.molecularstation.com/molecular-biology-images/506-molecular-biology-pictures/21-mass-spectrometer.html [2]Daniel C. Harris: Quantitative Chemical Analysis, sixth edition (2003) published by W. H. Freeman and Company, New York. [3]Donald L. Pavia, Gary M. Lampman, George S. Kriz and James R. Vyvyan: Introduction to Spectroscopy, fourth edition, published by Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learing. [4]www.research.uky.edu/ukmsf/whatis.html [5]Ionization Methods in Organic Mass Spectrometry [6]Horning, E.C., Caroll, D.J., Dzidic, I., Haegele, K.D., Horning, M.G., andStillwell,R.N. (1974). Atmospheric pressure ionization (API) mass spectrometry. Solvent-mediated ionization of samples introduced in solution and in a liquid chromatograph effluent stream, J. Chromatography. Sci, 12, (11), 725-729 [7]RF Venn (Ed) (2000) Principles and practice of Bioanalysis Taylor and Francis. [8]Ashcroft, A.E. (1997) Ionisation Methods in Organic Mass Spectrometry, Cambridge, UK: The Royal Society of Chemistry. [9]http://www.asms.org/whatisms/p1.html: The American Society of Mass Spectrometry [10]Skelton, R., Dubols, F., Zenobl, R. Analytical Chemistry (2000), 72, 1707-1710 [11]Zschornig, Markus Pietsch, Roesmarie SuB., Jurgen Schiller and Michael Gutschow. Cholesterol esterase action on human high density lipoproteins and inhibition studies: detection by MALDI-TOF MS. [12]Zenobi, R, Knochenmuss, R. Mass Spectrom, Rev. 1999, 17, 337-366. How to cite Critical Analysis of Mass Spectrometry, Essay examples

Information Security Management Report for Analyzing

Question: Describe about the Report on Information Security Management. Answer: Introduction The report focuses on analyzing information security threats in a large organization dependent on IT. The organization chosen here is Healthscope, which is a leading enterprise health care provider in Australia. Healthscope has 46 hospitals and 52 medical centers across Australia and employs 17000 people. The operations are fully enabled by IT for and the hospitals and medical centers are connected as one large enterprise IT network. The organization generates huge volumes of information stored as millions of records in their databases. Data is used by most of its employees based on their position and role in the organization from different locations, access is provided. Their pathological services in their system are available for external users located globally. Aims of the report The focus of this report is to provide a brief analysis on the use of Identity Access and Management (IAM) for its benefits and importance in Healthscope. The recent developments in the field of IAM are explored for their implementation in the organization. Overview The IT operations and management in Healthscope are looked after by a department named IT Security and Information Assurance (ISIA). ISIA is fully aware of the fact that securing their IT systems and data is a top priority and crucial to their unique business services to run effectively. In the IT security landscape threats and risks are increasing each day as new and advanced threats such as malware, phishing attacks, botnets, etc. are on the rise (Amigorena, 2015). Therefore in order to have appropriate security measures and data prevention systems, the organization has implemented security measures such as firewalls, perimeter defense, and anti-virus software. However, these measures were recognized by ISIA as inadequate as their systems are used through the internet and number of employees are mobile, access their systems from mobile devices which increase the level of threats. ISIA is headed by a Chief Information Security Officer (CSIO) and four managers responsible for securit y in key areas namely, information and physical security, data and user privacy, busies continuity, managing attacks from malware and botnets, identifying vulnerabilities and applying appropriate remedial measures to ensure the systems are secured from all types of attacks. In order to protect all the information assets, data and people the organization explore the idea of IAM for protecting its IT systems and people. Analysis Description and importance of IAM Identity and Access Management (IAM) is a security and governance solution that offers provisioning, compliance and enforcement capabilities for organizations in securing their IT systems. IAM also offers to strengthen access control, user management, and compliance for businesses to overcome their security risks. IAM solutions offer good IT practices by answering questions (Bruhn et al, 2003) like, Is the user authorized to use IT services and data? Is the user authentic and whether he/she involved in Healthscope services? Is the user permitted to access the information? Is user privacy ensured in the organization? IAM systems help organizations to streamline and automate IT activities along with delivering business value. IAM is responsible for the entire user/device lifecycle in the organization starting with creating a new user, provisioning access to resources, modifying or providing appropriate access rights according to their position/role in the organization and finally terminating their access at the end of their association with the organization. IAM solutions offer security and risk related management by enforcing access policies, user administration and provide access to users for portals based on a set of associated approvals (EMC, 2015). The importance of an IAM solution in organizations can be understood for its functions and scope that includes, Data collection for identity: This function in IAM will contain user account details, their roles, entitlements, and unifies them centrally as an identity store. Identity analytics: This function will provide visibility across the identity store for all identities and groups in Healthscope. The CISO can generate reports, dashboards and analyze identity-related status and trends. Access Review: In this function, the supervisors of different departments in Healthscope will review IT access for their team members and ratify their access levels if found alright. Different users in the organization will have different access levels and information or data available to them will depend on their role and responsibility in a particular function. Policy management: IAM solutions provide features to define policies (segregation of duties for users) to identify violations and initiate remedial measures. Management of roles: The role of each user for his/her access to the system is maintained to consolidate their entitlements. Access request management: Users can also request for changed access to the system due to their functional change. For example, a user can request for password reset. Similarly, a user recently promoted can request for a different access level (Faraji et al. 2014). Access requests are always subject to approvals by his/her supervisor. From the above scope, it can be understood that IAM solutions in Healthscope are essential because this gives better control for users in a remote location. The trends or developments in IAM are explored. Developments/Trends of IAM The recent trends and developments in IAM can be found in the following technology areas: Mobile computing: As the workforce of Healthscope is mobile, users tend to bring their own devices (BYOD) for accessing applications like product data, email, patient reports, etc (Kunz et al. 2014). The market trends indicate mobile computing is on the rise and increasingly allowed by organizations for their users. For instance, if a mobile device having access to important data in Healthscope system is stolen or lost, that is a big risk if it falls into wrong hands. IAM can help Healthscope by securing their mobile user access mobile computing program. This is done by strengthening applications, databases and securing user and device authentication. Identity as a Service (IDaaS) is a cloud-based solution to support authentication, authorization, and provisioning (Lonea et al. 2013). IAM in the cloud is an extension to an on-premise solution to have secure integration of their internal IT with the cloud infrastructure. Normally IDaaS is provided by the cloud service provider. IAM in the cloud computing area provides a scenario where applications deployed on the cloud is secured. The advantage here is that cloud computing systems already provide robust user authentication and access controls, and hence there is not much need for protecting applications in the cloud, especially if the deployment model is a private cloud. In such environments, Federation Role-based access (RBAC) (Mazumdar et al. 2015) and cloud IAM solutions are available to ensure high levels of security. Data loss prevention (DLP): DLP is another important area for many organizations like Healthscope. The first step in DLP is to protect data and ensure the identity of the user (Schoffner et al. 2015). DLP is another information security information discipline which can enhance security in the organization when integrated with IAM capabilities. Social networks: Social network is another public domain area where systems are vulnerable to all type of attacks. Since in social media, a lot of people post different messages, IAM implementations must protect user accounts from compromised (Hu et al. 2013). Normally this is done by ensuring a second level of authentication, noting failed login attempt and monitoring for geographic regions which are known for gaining control of user accounts. Healthscope when planning to have a social media presence as a marketing strategy must ensure to look into these aspects to avoid harm to their systems. Users in Healthscope must be trained on the importance practicing discretion in social media interactions (Andersen et al. 2012). In addition to the trends indicated, users in Healthscope must be educated on maintaining their privacy and importance of following security principles according to IAM implementation. When IAM is correctly implemented it can mitigate unforeseen threats and ensure protection. Recommendations, Justification, and Benefits Based on the scope of IAM and the trends, users in Healthscope are mobile and are allowed access to their systems from a variety of devices. Looking into the large network infrastructure of Healthscope, the importance of data and information in the organization, all IT components including information must be ensured with high levels of protection. Therefore, cloud-based IAM is recommended due to the following reasons: IAM solutions in cloud offer high protection of user data and information assets. The cloud-based solution is preferred because security systems and user authentication processes are already available in the cloud. IDaaS is a cloud service offers modular identity management for access, provisioning, policies and entitlements. IDaaS can be integrated easily with IAM in existing IT infrastructure and applications, this is important for Healthscope because multiple users use a variety of devices to access data from different locations. IAM with IDaaS provides improved controls and ensures regulatory compliance (Sudha Vishwanathan, 2013). Cloud-based IDaaS also improves IT agility by automating security processes (Bowen et al. 20140). Therefore, IAM solutions are highly desired by Helthscope because it offers techniques such as review of user privileges, password management, identity-enabled networking (Torres et al. 2013), authentication and access control, and integration with IDaaS and efficiency. Conclusion In this report, the importance of IAM for a large enterprise organization is highlighted. The description for IAM for its importance in the chosen organization is briefly provided. It can be seen that IAM is important for most of the recent technological developments such as mobile computing, social networks, etc. Looking into the operations of the chosen organization, a cloud-based solution is preferred and integrated with IAM because it offers more robust security for protecting information assets and IT systems in the organization. The report also briefly provides the benefits, advantages, and justification for the recommended IAM solution. References Amigorena, F 2015 Does your C-suite really understand the benefits of IT security? Computer Fraud Security, November 2015. Andersen, K.N., Medaglia, R. and Henriksen, H.Z 2012 Social media in public health care: Impact domain propositions,Government Information Quarterly,vol. 29, no.4, pp.462-469. Bowen, J.P., Hinchey, M., Janicke, H., Ward, M.P. and Zedan, H 2014 Formality, Agility, Security, and Evolution in Software Development,IEEE Computer,vol.47, no.10, pp.86-89. Bruhn, M., Gettes, M. and West, A 2003 Identity and Access Management and Security in higher education. It's 9.30 am. Do you know who your users are?, Educase Quarterly, November 4, 2003. EMC 2015 The business value of identity and access management, An RSA Whitepaper. EMC Corporation. EY 2013 Identity and access management. Beyond compliance, Insights on governance, risk, and compliance, Ernest Young. Faraji, M., Kang, J.-M., Bannazadeh, H. and Leon-Garcia, A 2014 Identity Access Management for Multi-tier cloud infrastructures, IEEE. pp.1-4 Hu, H., Ahn, G.J. and Jorgensen, J 2013 Multiparty access control for online social networks: model and mechanisms,IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering,vol.25, no.7, pp.1614-1627 Kunz, M., Hummer, M., Fuchs, L., Netter, M. and Pernul, G 2014 Analyzing Recent Trends in Enterprise Identity management, Department of Information Systems, University of Regensburg, Germany. pp.1-4 Lonea, A.M., Tianfield, H., and Popescu, D.E 2013 Identity management for cloud computing, InNew concepts and applications in soft computing. pp. 175-199. Springer Berlin Heidelberg Majumdar, S., Madi, T., Wang, Y., Jarraya, Y., Pourzandi, M., Wang, L. and Debbabi, M 2015 Security Compliance Auditing of identity and Access Management in the Cloud: Application to OpenStack, In2015 IEEE 7th International Conference on Cloud Computing Technology and Science (CloudCom), pp. 58-65. Shoffner, M., Owen, P., Mostafa, J., Lamm, B., Wang, X., Schmitt, C.P. and Ahalt, S.C 2013 The secure medical research workspace: an IT infrastructure to enable secure research on clinical data,Clinical and translational science. vol. 6, no.3, pp.222-225 Sudha, S. and Viswanathan, V.M 2013 Addressing security and privacy issues in cloud computing,Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology,vol.48,no.2, pp.708-719 Torres, J., Nogueira, M. and Pujolle, G 2013 A survey on identity management for the future network,IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials. Vol.1, no.2, pp.787-802.

Slovakia Economic Analysis Essays - Geography Of Europe, Europe

Slovakia Economic Analysis Country: Slovak Republic Formation of the Slovak Republic The Slovak Republic, or Slovakia, is located in Eastern Europe with a population of 5.4 million people and borders the countries of Poland, Austria, the Ukraine, and the Czech Republic (The World Bank). As originally part of the former nation of Czechoslovakia, the Slovak Republic has only recently begun to write its own history (Abizadeh, p. 171). During 1989 many revolts took place against eastern European governments under communism, including Czechoslovakia (Slovakia.Org, ?20th Century?). Both Slovaks and Czechs staged massive protests against communism in Czechoslovakia and ended the communist regime in November 1989 (Slovakia.Org, ?20th Century?). Under the new non-communist system of government, the two republics of Czechoslovakia were established: the Slovak Republic and the Czech Republic (Embassy of the Slovak Republic). In June 1990, with the federal and republic-level governments in place, free elections were held for the first time in the country since 1946 (Slovakia.Org, ?20th Century?). The main concern of the new government was the transformation of Czechoslovakia from a state-controlled to a free market economy (Embassy of the Slovak Republic). Disputes arose between the two republics about reform process which focused on privatization, the encouragement of foreign investment, policy of macro-economic stabilization, price liberalization, and liberalization of foreign trade (Slovakia.Org, ?20th Century?). The Czech Republic was more economically developed than the industrial-based economy of Slovakia (Slovakia.Org, ?20th Century?). The transition to a market economy left the Slovak Republic to endure greater economic hardships than the Czech Republic (Sovakia.Org, ?20th Century?). For example, the federal government chose to dramatically cut the country's defense industry, resulting in a large decrease in industrial production and a large rise in unemployment in Slovakia (Slovakia.Org, ?Slovak Economy?). This took place because the economy that rose out of the comm unist era in Slovakia was based on industrial production, particularly on weapons and military equipment (Slovakia.Org, ?Slovak Economy?). There was a great difference of opinions between the Slovaks and Czechs about the nature and pace of economic reform in Czechoslovakia (Slovakia.Org, ?20th Century?). The disagreements delayed the reform process and also the acceptance of a new constitution (Slovakia.Org, ?20th Century?). It became obvious that the current form of government could meet the demands of both republics. As a result, Slovakia declared its sovereignty in July 1992, in other words, its laws took higher priority than those of the federal government (Slovakia.Org, ?20th Century?). During November the federal parliament chose to officially break up the country, and on January 1 1993, the Slovak and Czech Republic replaced the Czechoslovakia as two independent countries (Abizadeh, p. 171). Recent Growth levels of the Slovak Economy The economic problems that began in the early 1990s still plagued Slovakia after it claimed independence in 1993 (Abizadeh, p. 172). After its first year of independence Slovakia's economy was in poor shape with a negative GDP growth of 3.7%, and inflation rate of 25.1%, and an increasing unemployment rate of 14.4% (National Bank of Slovakia). Overall, gross domestic product in Slovak Republic decreased a substantial 23.7% during the years 1990 to 1993. Through a slow reform process, however, positive macro-economic results have been accomplished over the recent years (Slovakia.Org, ?Slovak Economy?). GDP growth has been positive since 1993 and recorded an annual growth of 4.4% in 1998 (The World Bank). Slovakia's 1998 GDP per capita of 3,832 USD was very competitive with other central European countries (Embassy of the Slovak Republic). The budget deficit has been brought under control, and at the beginning of 1999, the inflation rate of 5.6% was the lowest among all transition econ omies (Embassy of the Slovak Republic). The decline in the inflation rate was due to developments in the capital markets and the banking sector, a decrease in food prices, price deregulation, and lower producer prices (Abizadeh, p. 172). Unemployment, on the other hand, is still a major problem in the Slovak republic. Since the end of the communist regime the rate of unemployment has been 10% or higher with no signs of improvement (Slovakia.Org, ?Slovak Economy?). Unemployment is related to the consistent regional disparities and the ?inevitable? restructuring of large companies (Embassy of the Slovak Republic). The most important part for Slovakia to convert to a market

The Clash Of Two Cultures essays

The Clash Of Two Cultures essays In the early 1600's, different cultures came to "The New World", in search of many different things, freedom of religion, to look for the Indies,in search of treasure and many more.When these "white men" came to the America's change for the Native Americans did not happen all at once, but over time the traditional way of everyday life changed for the Native Americans.Wonder, and curiosity rather than bitterness were some of the first expressions when these different cultures came into first contact. The great barriers of religion, ethics, language and values are some of the biggest factors that divided the Indians and Explorers from eachother. According to the puritan's beliefs, God has already chose which people will have salvation. Native American's however, believe that everyone is the same and that no single person is better than another. The belief's of these two groups were also carried out differently, the Puritan's relied on their bible, and the Native americans relied on oral transmission of their theolgy. The Native Americans worshipped their own "great spirit", that took refrence for all living and once living things.The Puritan's however hold their bible literal and sacred, they saw the worship of other living things or than God as sinly, and therefore held the Native American society as a society drowning in sin. Moral And ethical values also differed greatly between the two societys, explorers didn't understand the barbaric ways of the Indians, and the Indian's didn't understand why the explorers viewed their lack of clothing, and organized worship as "savage". Language, a huge barrier always made it hard for the society's to communicate with eachother. Soon, the "invaders" found a way to somewhat communicate with Native American sign language, but this did not always mean they understood eachother. No matter how hard these two cultures tried there was always the language barrier holdin ...

Why you should share your opinions out loudâ€not over email

Why you should share your opinions out loud- not over email Who among us hasn’t been in this situation: You receive an email or text from someone you know and wonder, â€Å"What did they mean by that?† â€Å"Are they mad at me- or maybe they were just in a rush† The truth is, although email has made it easier than ever before to send and receive messages with all of the people in our lives- from friends and family members to professional contacts and more- it can be argued that the ease and convenience we’ve gained from modern forms of conversing have been offset by an unfortunate increase in a more impersonal approach to communication, and more opportunities for the mistranslation of a message’s meaning and intent. For humans- and for all animals, really- things like context, body language, and emotion factor heavily into how messages are delivered and received, and when these things are taken out of the equation, which happens when communicating over email, trouble can ensue.According to a recent Psycholog y Today article, â€Å"Research by UCLA psychology professor emeritus Albert Mehrabian found that 7 percent of a message was derived from the words, 38 percent from the intonation, and 55 percent from the facial expression or  body language. In other words, the vast majority of communication is not carried by our words alone†¦Not surprisingly, research shows we communicate most effectively in real-life, real-time conversation.†Just think about it- if only 7% of our messages are derived from the actual words we use, that’s a whopping 93% that’s left to speculation, guesswork, and possible misinterpretation when we communicate over email without the helpful cues that face-to-face communication provides!This gets especially important when you’re talking with someone about a potentially controversial subject or have opposing views on a topic. According to a recent article on Ladders, when we’re facing someone with a point of view that’s i n opposition to our own, we respond more favorably and humanely when the conversations includes voice vs. words, which helps to keep discourse civil.The Ladders article suggests that vocal communication may be a better vehicle for controversial conversations because â€Å"those vocal tics of inflection, intonation, and normal pauses humanize us in ways that get lost over a text message where emotion is implied in emoji and punctuation, and tone is easy to miscommunicate†¦If you want your controversial take to be seen as more than mindless drivel, get off your keyboard and give the person a call.†This information can have a profound effect on how we operate at work. These days, so much of our work lives are spent alone at our desks, silently typing away a volley of email missives on our computers and phones all day. With the volume of email we send out, it would be quite a challenge to stop and think about how each and every message we send will be construed by every rece iver- that would be exhausting!Therefore, some general rules of thumb might be helpful here: use email when sending simple and straightforward messages that are free from emotion, critical evaluation, and potentially controversial opinions. If your messages do contain these items, consider stepping away from your keyboard and engaging in a face-to-face conversation- old-fashioned perhaps, but it just might save you from an uncomfortable, awkward, or embarrassing situation.

Critical Thinking Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critical Thinking - Assignment Example There are also some disadvantages to relying solely on this method for research. Certain databases specialize in only certain disciplines. ERIC, for example, might not have some relevant research articles about a given topic in one area that another database might have. As a consequence, the researcher will need to locate several different databases in an effort to ensure they are getting the most quality and accurate research available (Ashford University Library, 2013). In addition, relying solely on computer databases negates being able to find some sources that might not be digitized yet. There is still value in printed work, so rely exclusively on the computer might be counterproductive in some cases. When locating sources, it is often important to not rely solely on information contained in the abstracts. In such cases, it is wise to go back to the original source as referenced in the article. This is due largely to the idea that abstracts often contain the author’s poin t of view, or opinion, about what they have researched. This is great, as that the basis behind primary and peer-reviewed sources, yet they may not be interpreting the original source the same way another person would. ... Some examples of secondary sources include diaries, interview, pamphlets, and personal narratives. While these are not necessarily considered scholarly sources, they do give the researcher a deeper and more informed perspective of the topic being studied. In addition, such secondary sources can lead to a primary source. In essence, secondary sources can be seen as a springboard to the project. They guide the researcher and can se him or her on the correct path in terms of looking for reliable information that can greatly assist in the note-taking process. A major limitation of secondary sources is that they can be full of bias. It is often to discern fact from opinion when examining such sources, as the author does not always support the findings contained in the report. In addition, some secondary sources are merely one person’s account of certain events, and they might not take into consideration an opposing viewpoint (Mertler and Charles, 2011). The majority of research inf ormation will likely come from a primary source. Such references are studies or works that were actually completed during the time period under study. These can include replicated research projects, or entirely new studies, designed to expound on earlier research. The key component to a primary source is that that writing contained in the material is new information and draws conclusion not previously published. These can include diaries that are first-hand eyewitness accounts of certain events, historical documents, and journal articles that point out new research or findings (Salilnas, Bellows, and Liaw, 2011, p. 185). Technology has certainly made our lives easier in many respects, and this includes the research process. It

ENTREPRENEURSHIP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

ENTREPRENEURSHIP - Essay Example e prime intent of this report is to analyse the entrepreneurial behaviour of a restaurant owner who is running a restaurant business by conducting face-to-face interview with a predefined set of questions. While identifying the rationale of preparing this report, it is to be affirmed that today, food industry is one of the growing sectors and therefore encouraged the business owners to establish restaurants with the aim of earning more profit (Palo Alto Software, 2015). Therefore, there exists a high competition amid the restaurants, as this appears under the category of ‘perfectly competitive market’. It is thus necessary for a restaurant owner to select the target customers and try to fulfil their necessities as per their demands. Entrepreneurship denotes the readiness and the ability of an entrepreneur to establish and manage a business along with the risks involved in it with the intention of earning maximum profit (Harvard Business Publishing, 2015). An entrepreneur is responsible for developing a business model and procuring necessary resources that are required for running a business in an efficient manner (2Entrepreneur Media Inc, 2015). Entrepreneurs are duly considered to be the leaders who always desire to take risks and implement the opportunities derived from the market by means of improving existing products/services (Brooks, 2015). In relation to a restaurant business, the entrepreneurship theory or model fundamentally represents certain skills including the management and team building skills that are considered as the leadership attributes, which deemed to be quite essential for the entrepreneurs to obtain greater success. However, one of the major elements of entrepreneurship theory in the context of restaurant business is the passion for conducting business and remaining self motivated throughout the business or operational process (Kuratko, 2013). In relation to the restaurant business, the entrepreneurship theory represents the fact that

The Monastery on a Jasna Góra Essay Example for Free

The Monastery on a Jasna GÃ ³ra Essay The city, which is a spiritual capital of Poland, is a destination for religious pilgrimages from many countries all over the world, mainly because of the majestic and outstanding central place, dominating over whole area, called: the Monastery on a Jasna Gora. The place makes an enduring impression on all who visit it, since it is both mystical and delightful. One can not help but be impressed by architecture and a workmanship of the buildings as well as by the fascinating history. It has the enormous importance for all Polish people, since each individual person has visited or is going to visit it, having in mind thanking for all the goods that happened in their lives, or asking, or even begging for something particular to happen, but sometimes just to see the site where it is believed that miracles take place. The monastery was founded by Prince Wadysaw, in the year 1382. However, the most memorable date is 1855, which came to the history, as the place was defended against the Swedish invasion then. Furthermore, the monasterys church was first raised as a gothic hall, and then, because of the needs of congregation, redeveloped to the basilica. The one hundred and six meters high, containing five hundred and nineteen steps tower, gives a possibility to see the breathtaking views from its top. The main central goal- the chapel of Matka Boska Czestochowska includes an early-baroque main alter.A fabulous, surrounded by common honor, painting of Gods Mother, known as Czarna Madonna is placed there. This outstanding, picturesque view unfold before peoples eyes , and it is long-drawn, majestic ritual of opening, taking place few times a day with the sounds of rataplans. Unfortunately, the painting is not an original, since the one was destroyed by enemies, but its an exact copy.Moreover, when entering the chapel one must be struck by the grandeur of an iron grating. The Jasnogoras Church is also very precious with its baroque alter, great Dankards frescoes and valued decorations. What is more, there is so great number of goods that viewing them all probably takes whole day. In the Knights Hall, there are located an eye-catching collections of paintings and banners. Moreover, they are supplemented by militaries and national relicts, like the royal crowns, or even by a Turkish tent captured by the king Jan III Sobieski. To sum up, if one is keen on seeing an interesting place with a countless number of elaborate architectural features from different centuries, starting with walls remembering days of a martyrdom and unforgettable days of glory, as well as experiencing spiritual exultation, visiting Czestochowa with its Jasna Gora is a must.

Affirmative Action: a Permanent Approach Essay example -- Essays Paper

Affirmative Action: a Permanent Approach One of the hottest debates in recent history has been the validity of a Civil Rights policy called affirmative action. The policy proposes â€Å"preferential treatment† to certain groups based on their minority status, giving them an advantage in job employment and some areas of education. The question asked most often is whether it is constitutional to give advantages to certain groups, excluding some, based solely on their race or ethnicity. It is up to our legal system to use â€Å"strict scrutiny,† or consideration from every standpoint, to assess the issue, which is â€Å"a cost-benefit test measuring whether a law that falls (according to the Court itself) squarely within the prohibition of the equal protection guarantee is justified by the [e]specially important social gains that it will achieve† (Rubenfeld, 1997.) Some claim that it will achieve justice, while others think that it promotes forms of discrimination and further separates our society into racial groups. I intend to outline a compromise between the opposing sides, the main goal of which is to utilize justice and equality in coming to a solution that includes every point of view. I feel that this is necessary because minorities in America are underprivileged, and for that reason some measures need to be taken, specifically in education, to induce social equalization. On one side of the controversy, many groups feel that affirmative action â€Å"may be the first instance in our jurisprudence of a constitutional doctrine unconstitutional under itself,† or that affirmative action is a constitutional document that is unconstitutional because it discriminates against a certain group of people, namely white males. These groups clai... ...er 10). Diversity in the workplace. The CQ Researcher Online, 7. http://0-library.cqpress.com.bianca.penlib.du.edu:80/cqresearcher. Jost, Kenneth. (2001, September 21). Affirmative action. The CQ Researcher Online, 11, 737-760. http://0-library.cqpress.com.bianca.penlib.du.edu:80/cqresearcher. Masci, D. (1998, January 23). The black middle class. The CQ Researcher Online, 8. http://0-library.cqpress.com.bianca.penlib.du.edu:80/cqresearcher. Rubenfeld, Jed. "Affirmative Action," Yale Law Journal 107.2 (1997), Questia, 5 Mar. 2004 <http://www.questia.com/>. Stroud, Sarah. "The Aim of Affirmative Action," Social Theory and Practice 25.3 (1999): 385, Questia, 5 Mar. 2004 <http://www.questia.com/>. Worsnop, Richard. (1996, February 23). Getting into college. The CQ Researcher Online. http://0-library.cqpress.com.bianca.penlib.du.edu:80/cqresearcher.

Ada Solution Manual

This ? le contains the exercises, hints, and solutions for Chapter 1 of the book †Introduction to the Design and Analysis of Algorithms,† 2nd edition, by A. Levitin. The problems that might be challenging for at least some students are marked by ; those that might be di? cult for a majority of students are marked by . Exercises 1. 1 1. Do some research on al-Khorezmi (also al-Khwarizmi), the man from whose name the word â€Å"algorithm† is derived. In particular, you should learn what the origins of the words â€Å"algorithm† and â€Å"algebra† have in common. 2. Given that the of? cial purpose of the U. S. patent system is the promotion of the â€Å"useful arts,† do you think algorithms are patentable in this country? Should they be? 3. a. Write down driving directions for going from your school to your home with the precision required by an algorithm. b. Write down a recipe for cooking your favorite dish with the precision required by an algorithm. 4. Design an algorithm for swapping two 3 digit non-zero integers n, m. Besides using arithmetic operations, your algorithm should not use any temporary variable. 5. Design an algorithm for computing gcd(m, n) using Euclid’s algorithm. 6. Prove the equality gcd(m, n) = gcd(n, m mod n) for every pair of positive integers m and n. 7. What does Euclid’s algorithm do for a pair of numbers in which the ? rst number is smaller than the second one? What is the largest number of times this can happen during the algorithm’s execution on such an input? 8. What is the smallest and the largest number of divisions possible in the algorithm for determining a prime number? 9. a. Euclid’s algorithm, as presented in Euclid’s treatise, uses subtractions rather than integer divisions. Write a pseudocode for this version of Euclid’s algorithm. b. Euclid’s game (see [Bog]) starts with two unequal positive numbers on the board. Two players move in turn. On each move, a player has to write on the board a positive number equal to the difference of two numbers already on the board; this number must be new, i. e. , different from all the numbers already on the board. The player who cannot move loses the game. Should you choose to move ? rst or second in this game? 10. The extended Euclid’s algorithm determines not only the greatest common divisor d of two positive integers m and n but also integers (not necessarily positive) x and y, such that mx + ny = d. a. Look up a description of the extended Euclid’s algorithm (see, e. g. , [KnuI], p. 13) and implement it in the language of your choice. b. Modify your program for ? nding integer solutions to the Diophantine equation ax + by = c with any set of integer coef? cients a, b, and c. 11. Locker doors There are n lockers in a hallway, numbered sequentially from 1 to n. Initially all the locker doors are closed. You make n passes by the lockers, each time starting with locker #1. On the ith pass, i = 1, 2, . . . n, you toggle the door of every ith locker: if the door is closed, you open it; if it is open, you close it. For example, after the ? rst pass every door is open; on the second pass you only toggle the even-numbered lockers (#2, #4, . . . ) so that after the second pass the even doors are closed and the odd ones are open; the third time through, you close the door of locker #3 (opened from the ? rst pass), open the door of locker #6 (closed from the second pass), and so on. After the last pass, which locker doors are open and which are closed? How many of them are open? 2 Hints to Selected Exercises 1. 1 1. It is probably faster to do this by searching the Web, but your library should be able to help, too. 2. One can ? nd arguments supporting either view. There is a well-established principle pertinent to the matter, though: scienti? c facts or mathematical expressions of them are not patentable. (Why do you think this is the case? ) But should this preclude granting patents for all algorithms? 3. You may assume that you are writing your algorithms for a human rather than a machine. Still, make sure that your descriptions do not contain obvious ambiguities. Knuth ([KnuI], p. 6) provides an interesting comparison between cooking recipes and algorithms. 6. Prove that if d divides both m and n (i. e. , m = sd and n = td for some positive integers s and t), then it also divides both n and r = m mod n and vice versa. Use the formula m = qn + r (0 ? r < n) and the fact that if d divides two integers u and v, it also divides u + v and u ? v. (Why? ) 7. Perform one iteration of the algorithm for two arbitrarily chosen integers m < n. 9. a. Use the equality gcd(m, n) = gcd(m ? n, n) for m ? n > 0. b. The key is to ? gure out the total number of distinct numbers that can be written on the board, starting with an initial pair m, n where m > n ? 1. You should exploit a connection of this question to the question of part (a). Considering small examples, especially those with n = 1 and n = 2, should help, too. 10. Of course, for some coef? cients, the equation will have no solutions. 11. Tracing the algorithm by hand for, say, n = 10 and studying its outcome should help answering both questions. 3 Solutions to Exercises 1. 1. Al-Khwarizmi (9th century C. E. ) was a great Arabic scholar, most famous for his algebra textbook. In fact, the word â€Å"algebra† is derived from the Arabic title of this book while the word â€Å"algorithm† is derived from a translation of Al-Khwarizmi’s last name (see, e. g. , [KnuI], pp. 1-2, [Knu96], pp. 88-92, 114). 2. This legal issue has yet to be settled. The current lega l state of a? airs distinguishes mathematical algorithms, which are not patentable, from other algorithms, which may be patentable if implemented as computer programs (e. g. , [Cha00]). 3. n/a 4. ALGORITHM Exchange valueswithoutT(a,b) //exchange the two values without using temporary variable //Input:two numbers a,b. //Output:exchange values of a,b a=a+b; b=a-b; a=a-b; ALGORITHM Euclid (m,n) // Computes gcd(m. n) by Euclid’s algorithm // Input: Two nonnegative, not-both-zero integers m and n // Output : Greatest common divisor of m and n while n ? 0 do r 5. 6. Let us ? rst prove that if d divides two integers u and v, it also divides both u + v and u ? v. By de? nition of division, there exist integers s and t such that u = sd and v = td. Therefore u  ± v = sd  ± td = (s  ± t)d, i. . , d divides both u + v and u ? v. 4 Also note that if d divides u, it also divides any integer multiple ku of u. Indeed, since d divides u, u = sd. Hence ku = k(sd) = (ks)d, i. e. , d divides ku. Now we can prove the assertion in question. For any pair of positive integers m and n, if d divides both m and n, it also divides both n and r = m mod n = m ? qn. Similarly, if d divides bot h n and r = m mod n = m ? qn, it also divides both m = r + qn and n. Thus, the two pairs (m, n) and (n, r) have the same ? nite nonempty set of common divisors, including the largest element in the set, i. . , gcd(m, n) = gcd(n, r). 7. For any input pair m, n such that 0 ? m < n, Euclid’s algorithm simply swaps the numbers on the ? rst iteration: gcd(m, n) = gcd(n, m) because m mod n = m if m < n. Such a swap can happen only once since gcd(m, n) = gcd(n, m mod n) implies that the ? rst number of the new pair (n) will be greater than its second number (m mod n) after every iteration of the algorithm. 8. Algorithm: While i 0) && (numbers[j-1] > index)) { numbers[j] = numbers[j-1]; j = j – 1; } numbers[j] = index; } } 3. Align the pattern with the beginning of the text. Compare the corresponding characters of the pattern and the text left-to right until either all the pattern characters are matched (then stop–the search is successful) or the algorithm runs out of the text’s characters (then stop–the search is unsuccessful) or a mismatching pair of characters is encountered. In the latter case, shift the pattern one position to the right and resume the comparisons. 4. a. If we represent each of the river’s banks and each of the two islands by vertices and the bridges by edges, we will get the following graph: 0 a a b c b c d d (This is, in fact, a multigraph, not a graph, because it has more than one edge between the same pair of vertices. But this doesn’t matter for the issue at hand. ) The question is whether there exists a path (i. e. , a sequence of adjacent vertices) in this multigraph that traverses all the edges exactly once and returns to a starting vertex. Such paths are called Eulerian circuits; if a path traverses all the edges exactly once but does not return to its starting vertex, it is called an Eulerian path. b. Euler proved that an Eulerian circuit exists in a connected (multi)graph if and only if all its vertices have even degrees, where the degree of a vertex is de? ned as the number of edges for which it is an endpoint. Also, an Eulerian path exists in a connected (multi)graph if and only if it has exactly two vertices of odd degrees; such a path must start at one of those two vertices and end at the other. Hence, for the multigraph of the puzzle, there exists neither an Eulerian circuit nor an Eulerian path because all its four vertices have odd degrees. If we are to be satis? d with an Eulerian path, two of the multigraph’s vertices must be made even. This can be accomplished by adding one new bridge connecting the same places as the existing bridges. For example, a new bridge between the two islands would make possible, among others, the walk a ? b ? c ? a ? b ? d ? c ? b ? d a a b c b c d d If we want a walk that returns to its starting point, all the vertices in the 21 corres ponding multigraph must be even. Since a new bridge/edge changes the parity of two vertices, at least two new bridges/edges will be needed. For example, here is one such â€Å"enhancement†: a a c b c d d This would make possible a ? b ? c ? a ? b ? d ? c ? b ? d ? a, among several other such walks. 5. A Hamiltonian circuit is marked on the graph below: 6. a. At least three â€Å"reasonable†criteria come to mind: the fastest trip, a trip with the smallest number of train stops, and a trip that requires the smallest number of train changes. Note that the ? rst criterion requires the information about the expected traveling time between stations and the time needed for train changes whereas the other two criteria do not require such information. . A natural approach is to mimic subway plans by representing stations by vertices of a graph, with two vertices connected by an edge if there is a train line between the corresponding stations. If the time spent on changing a tra in is to be taken into account (e. g. , because the station in question is on more than one line), the station should be represented by more then one vertex. 22 7. procedure Queens(unused, board, col, N) if col > N then print board else{ col

Outline for the poem “Stopping by woods on a snowy evening” Essay

Outline Imagery in the poem â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening† by Robert Frost In â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening†, the poet uses the contrasts of ideas and images to present the metaphors which will give the main theme and mood to the poem. Visual images and tactile images help to understand better the mood of the narrator along with creating a clear picture of the scenery of the poem in the reader’s mind. The poet uses personification to increase the tension in the middle of the poem in order for the reader to understand that there is some uncertainty in the narrator’s acts. The poem talks about a man wondering around in the woods with his horse on a snowy evening, for a moment he stops and contemplates the scenery. A) The poet uses mostly visual images in describing the scenery, such as â€Å"To watch his woods fill up with snow†, â€Å"The darkest evening of the year† and â€Å"The woods are lovely, dark and deep†. The effect that the poet creates with these images is the sense of tranquility and beauty that made the narrator be lulled by the woods. B) We find metaphors used by the poet in the phrase â€Å"And miles to go before I sleep†, where â€Å"miles to go†, is the metaphor for life and â€Å"before I sleep†, is a metaphor for death. The repetition of this line at the end of the last stanza gives emphasis to the phrase giving a second meaning to the phrase, along with turning drastically the mood of the poem into something darker. C) The poet uses personification in the horse, since he gives human character to the horse when it starts questioning its master decisions. The horse feels anxious and he even tries to awake his master of the trance he has sunk in. The fear of the horse brings tension to the poem along with the  feeling of uncertainty.

Adaptable organizations, that are capable of changing and successfully evolving, are like gardens Essay Example

Adaptable organizations, that are capable of changing and successfully evolving, are like gardens Essay Example Adaptable organizations, that are capable of changing and successfully evolving, are like gardens Paper Adaptable organizations, that are capable of changing and successfully evolving, are like gardens Paper Senge, (1998), in attributing the characteristics of a garden to adaptable organizations, is indeed true and can be asserted since a number of researchers (Anson, 2000; Bass, 2000; Lebrasseur, Whissell, Ojha, 2002; Mclagan, 2002; Higdon, 2003; Fried, Bruce 2006) support this view. An organization, like a garden, needs to be improved, maintained, and developed in order to become sustainable and capable of attracting customers that contribute to their success. Many organizations aimed at becoming more adaptable and flexible in their management approaches and strategies that goes along transformational change, which requires redesigning organizational culture, beliefs and norms in which effective decisions and actions are based (Anson, 2000, p. 24; Mclagan, 2002, p. 47). Adaptable organizations are more likely to gain competitive advantage if they are able to effectively manage change and continuously evolve to meet the challenges of increased competition in the marketplace. For instance, hospitals have recognized the need for technological innovation and management of change in order to cater to the changing needs of patients and demands of the healthcare industry and its environment (Fennell Alexander, 1993). Technological innovation is another important factor that contributes to organization’s change initiative. Information technology (IT) is capable of creating powerful actors in the global business world but it can also lead to a dramatic failure if companies lack skills in managing both internal and external influences, application and maintenance expertise, and change capability. Therefore, it should be combined with other innovations to create intangible assets like intellectual property and to increase organizations’ responsive capacity for long term benefits and better business process outcome (Laudeman, 2005). Â  IT innovation has helped organizations to overcome operation problems and revolutionize knowledge and information (Barry Slater 2005). For example, hospitals invested on advanced technology to provide access to data and information, strengthen initiatives in community activities and program implementation, reduce the patients’ waiting time, promote wise expenditures, devise better means of accommodating new patients, develop effective budgetary schemes, and improve performance-based human resource (HR) management (Fried 2006, p. 154). Collaboration, information-intensity, high standards, productivity, effective time management, sufficient financial resources, exceptional technical skills, competitiveness, and reflexivity should be readily available when adopting technological innovation since technology alone does not guarantee success (Laudeman, 2005). In addition managers must also deal with HR management, population ecology, institutional theory, and strategic choice to enhance organizational performance (Fennell Alexander, 1993, p. 90). The evolution of organizations in the healthcare industry has showed changes, especially in restructuring the patient-care delivery. HR professionals have moved to strategic roles and become partners and agents for culture change that enabled hospitals to ensure continued growth and financial stability (Anson 2000, p. 33). Healthcare organizations, in general, have evolved and they actually continue to evolve since the last half of the twentieth century due to the necessity of shifting from individualized system or patient-physician relationships to providing care by the organization itself, focusing on the role of medical professionals and practitioners, identifying ways to ensure performance, and observing federal and state regulations (Fennell and Alexander 1993, p. 90). In conclusion, organizations’ success in all industries depends on their capacity to evolve and adapt to the different challenges of the factors that affect business processes brought by inevitable change. Organizations have to undergo change and innovation to adapt to their environment and internal aspect just as gardens have to be improved to attract more people. References Anson, B. R. (2000). Taking Charge of Change in a Volatile Healthcare Marketplace. Human Resource Planning 23(4), 21-36. Barry, A. Slater, D. (eds.) (2005). The Technological Economy. New York: Routledge, 10, 158. Bass, B. M. (2000). The Future of Leadership in Learning Organizations. Journal of Leadership Studies 7(3), 18. Fennell, M. L. and Alexander, J. A. (1993). Perspectives on Organizational Change in the US Medical Care Sector. Annual Review of Sociology 19, 89-103. Fried, B. J. (2006). Prescription for Excellence: How Innovation Is Saving Canadas Healthcare System. American Review of Canadian Studies 36(1), 152-155. Higdon, L. I. Jr. (2003). Change from Within: The Challenge of Shaping the Institutional Culture. Liberal Education 89(1), 64-66. Laudeman, G. (2005). Information Technology and Community-Level Socio-Economic Development. Â  Journal of the Community Development Society 36(1), 41+. Lebrasseur, R., Whissell, R., Ojha, A. (2002). Organisational Learning, Transformational Leadership and Implementation of Continuous Quality Improvement in Canadian Hospitals. Australian Journal of Management 27(2), 141-162. Mclagan, P. A. (2002). Success with Change. TD 56(12) (December), 44-54.

Advertising Statement Essay Example for Free

Advertising Statement Essay ? Rosser Reeves was the one who invented the term â€Å"USP†. The Unique selling proposition is sometimes referred to as â€Å"product difference.† In rare cases, some products or services have a unique and impressive proposition/benefit. A unique selling proposition is the ultimate proposition because its one that no other competitor can claim. It has to be something that you could also sell from. The concept of a unique selling proposition, or USP, is based on a benefit statement that is both unique to the product and important to the user. The heart of a USP is a proposition, which is a promise that states a specific and unique benefit you will get from using the product. If the product has a special formula, design, or feature, particularly if protected by a patent or copyright, then you are assured that it is truly unique. This is why a USP is frequently marked by the use of an â€Å"only† statement, either outright or implied. There are various methods that can be used to find a USP as it is demonstrated in advertising strategies and ideas. In advertising, â€Å"strategy† refers to the overall marketing or selling approach. It is the thinking behind the concept/idea. (The thinking behind the thinking, if you like.) Decisions about selling premises are central to the overall advertising strategy. The strategy (or strategic thought) can come from a proposition/benefit of the product, how it used, the market background, the choice of target audience, or any combination thereof. Every strategy should have an element of distinction ( small or large ) from the competition’s strategies, as should the proceeding concept and campaign. All strategies should be written in the form of a strategy statement, also known as â€Å"creative brief†. However, there are several questions we should seek to answer to cover the area of strategic analysis. Competitor, best prospects, and what buying appeals have the greatest leverage. At the corporate level what takes place in the advertising department would be seen as tac tical whilst in the advertising department this would be seen as strategic. * Corporate strategies are concerned with the major functions of the company, and cover finance, human resource management, production, administration, and marketing. * Marketing strategies are concerned with ANSOFF’s matrix and the marketing mix. * Promotional strategies are concerned with the promotional mix options (advertising, sales promotions, PR, publicity, selling, sponsorship, exhibitions). Advertising that is effective creates the message that best expresses the product-prospect relationship. In addition, the message has to be intrusive enough to battle through the clutter in the contemporary media marketplace. To reach the effectiveness in advertising, a creative strategy should be involved in the process. It has to sell the product effectively by promoting them through smart and well designed advertisement. When forming a strategy from which to create ideas, it needs to be written down in a black and white. This helps to focus and steer the formation of ideas from the onset. When people suggest that an idea is â€Å"off strategy,† they mean that it doesn’t relate back to the defined strategy, and will therefore be much harder to sell the idea to the client. By having a strategy statement at hand, you can keep referring back to it whilst generating ideas from that strategy. It is very hard, even if you are an experienced creative, to produce a great campaign idea (or even a single one shot) without a solid, tight strategy. In short, the better you are briefed, the easier your job will be. A poorly defined, vogue, â€Å"wooly† brief is no use to a creative person, nor is highly specific one that restricts the number of ideas. Below are the basic examples of the headings in a creative brief, * Client * Product/service * Product and market background (supposition) * Competition * Business/Advertising Objective (problem to solve) * Media * Target market/Group/Audience * Proposition/Promise/Benefit * Proposition Support Points * Tone of Voice * â€Å"Mandatories† (Inclusions/Exclusions) Media in Advertising The choice of media depends upon the type of product or service being advertised, the target market, and the client’s budget. Each campaign can be in one form of media, or multiple forms. Traditional advertising media includes print, TV, and radio. Non-traditional includes ambient and guerrilla concepts. In addition, there is direct media, and interactive media. In the UK, each type of media is defined by its relation to a hypothetical â€Å"line† that divides the two. Traditional media is â€Å"above the line,† whereas direct marketing and interactive advertising is â€Å"below the line.† Companies that produce work in all the forms are referred to as â€Å"through the line† agencies, or â€Å"full service.† Other divisions within advertising include sales promotion, and business-to-business. Whereas business-to-consumer advertising, once the skill is developed, the same creative process can easily be applied to these other forms of media an d advertising. All products and companies, as seen by the customer, occupy some kind of ‘position’ in the market whether they intend it or not. This might be, for example, high price-high value, low price-low value, high price-low value, good company-not-so-good company and so on, when compared with comparable competing products and competing organizations. Most modern organizations now attempt to actively influence this position in the market by matching product and corporate benefits with the needs of clearly identified segments. The managers have performed professionally, be integrated to match the identified needs of the target market. Positioning is how the marketer wants the consumer to view its product relative to the competition. Although product differentiation plays a role in creating a product position, product differences account for only part of a product’s position. A positioning strategy also includes the manner in which a product’s factors are combined, ho w they communicated, and who communicates them. The size (and value) of the advertising corporate and brand positioning is crucial to the well-being of any company and so should be left to the agency professional. Copywriting is an essential part of the design communication mix, and those of us who do it for a living will tell you that crafting massages and telling stories is a rewarding mental process, even in the business context. You’ll find that being able to generate a response from your audience is a valuable and highly sought-after skill. Copy (or text, or words) used in design is a very particular type of creative writing that requires the inspiration of an artist and the control of a craftsman or craftswoman. In comparison to the rails on which the copywriter runs, the novelist or poet has no limitations. Poetry and storytelling are flights of the imagination, with no client or news editor to bear in mind. Whether the personality of the writer shines through directly or indirectly, this is the purest creative writing – it can take off in any direction, be as fictional as it wants to be, and go wherever it pleases. Writing copy, however, is all about sticking to brief, while paying homage to the creativity and style of the poet and storyteller. Journalists and copywriters are commercial writers, but the essence of the role is completely different. In most cases journalist have to create the story from the scratch, usually by following leads. They will have to research the facts to get to the heart of the matter, discover the different viewpoints and opinions, and bring this material together accurately and coherently. Articles are often written to a tightly defined structure, while features can allow more room for individual expression and the interweaving of the writer’s viewpoint. The message has to be factually correct, balanced, and fair, but the writer is allowed to take a stance, which could reflect that of the newspaper or, in the case of regular column, the writer’s opinion. Copywriting borrows from all other fields of writing in its quest for creative expression, but ther e is no room for your personality in the copy that you write; you are simply a scribe, a hired mouthpiece for your client, and it is the brand’s voice that must come through, loudly and clearly. Advertising Statement. (2016, Oct 12).

Minor Assignment #2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Minor Assignment #2 - Essay Example (Argumentum ad Misericordiam). Advertisement for American Express Credit Card. Ellen DeGeneres starts dancing as soon as she wakes up. Her moves take her from her bedroom, through a park, into an elevator, down the street and right to the studio where she tapes her show. All kinds of music inspire her groovin-even the bells from an ice-cream truck. "My life is about dancing to my own tune. My card always backs me up." (American Express. â€Å"Ellen†. 2004). Comic strip. First scene shows a woman and a man at a bar. Woman asks, â€Å" A RADIO TALK SHOW HOST? HOW INTERESTING? WHAT’S YOUR NAME AGAIN?† Man replies, â€Å"JOE PILEY†. Second scene shows woman checking on PDA and remarking, OK †¦ LET’S SEE HERE †¦ MM-HMM †¦ SINGLE FATHER RAISING TWO GIRLS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Third scene shows woman vanishing. Fourth scene shows man asking the bartender â€Å" EVER THINK OF MAKING THIS A GOOGLE-FREE ZONE?† Bartender replies â€Å" ARE YOU KIDDING? LOOK AT ALL THE TIME AND AGGRAVATION IT JUST SAVED YOU†. (Miller, W., 2006). â€Å"After closely consulting with the United States, the multinational forces, Britain and Australia, I made the decision because I judged that the humanitarian mission has completed a certain achievement in the region," Koizumi, who steps down in September, told a news conference. (Hasegawa, K. 2006). â€Å"The OMB bulletin would require that peer reviewers be ‘independent of the agency’ involved when it comes to "significant regulatory information. ‘Experts receiving funding from the agency involved, who have performed multiple peer reviews for that agency in recent years or just one review on the same topic, would be eliminated as potential reviewers’†. (Philipkoski, K., 2004). Hasegawa, K. (2006). Japan ends milestone Iraq military mission. Retrieved June 20, 2006, from, YAHOO NEWS! Available at: